Problem:IOL/2018/i3/en

IOL 2018 Problem #3 Terêna

Here are some words in Terêna in two grammatical forms (1st person sg, my … or I … ; 2nd person sg, your_sg … or you_sg …) and their English translations. Some forms are missing.

1st person sg 2nd person sg îmam îme husband mbîho _____1 to go yónom yéno to walk mbôro peôro pants ndûti tiûti head âyom yâyo brother of a woman _____2 pîyo animal yênom _____3 wife mbûyu piûyu knee njûpa xiûpa manioc _____4 yêno mother nênem nîni tongue mbâho peâho mouth ndâki teâki arm vô’um veô’u hand ngásaxo _____5 to feel cold njérere _____6 side mônzi meôhi toy ndôko _____7 nape ímbovo ípevo clothes

1st person sg 2nd person sg enjóvi yexóvi elder sibling noínjoa _____8 to see it vanénjo _____9 to buy mbepékena pipíkina drum ongóvo yokóvo stomach, soul rembéno ripíno shirt nje’éxa xi’íxa son/daughter ivándako ivétako to sit mbirítauna piríteuna knife mómindi _____10 to be tired njovó’i xevó’i hat ngónokoa kénokoa to need it ínzikaxovoku _____11 school _____12 yôxu grandfather íningone ínikene friend vandékena vetékena canoe óvongu yóvoku house _____13 nîwo nephew ánzarana _____14 hoe nzapátuna hepátuna shoe

(a) Fill in the gaps.

(b) Some Terena words are borrowed from Portuguese, the national language of Brazil. One example is the word ‘shoe’ above (← Portuguese sapato). Sometimes Portuguese borrowings behave in an unusual way in Terena.

1st person sg	2nd person sg
lámbina	leápina	pencil (← Portuguese lápis)
	leátana	tin can (← Portuguese lata)
	keápana	cloak (← Portuguese capa)

1. In what way are these words different from native Terena words?

2. Translate into Terêna: my tin can, my cloak.

⚠ Terêna belongs to the Bolivia-Paraná branch of the Arawakan family. It is spoken by approx. 15 000 people in Brazil. ’ is a consonant (known as the glottal stop). x = sh in sheesh. y = y in yum. nj = n + si in vision. Word-final m indicates the nasal pronunciation of the whole word. The mark ˆ indicates that the vowel is lengthened and pronounced with a falling pitch. The mark ́ indicates that the following consonant is lengthened.

—André Nikulin